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Chapter
II Outline
(Tentative;
Revised, 4/1/03)
Precursors at Home
(Colonial Naturalists, Gentry
Planners, and Euro-American Nurserymen)
Interpretive Questions
• Testing the Linnean world
floristic system (Genera Plantarum [1742] and Species Plantarum
[1762-63] in North America.
• Incidence of
survival/failure of North American colonial/national institutions fostering
arboriculture.
• Significance of the
development of pineta (s. pinetum) by British horticulturalists
using North American conifers.
• Diffusion of English
Landscape Garden theories and practices.
• Relation of Europeans with
projects for reforestation of their estates and the North American
seed/plant trade.
• Impact of the American War of
Independence on European/North American natural history networks and
scientific research.
• Influence of William
Hamilton's extensive arboreal collections (exotic and native) at his
Pennsylvania estate, The Woodlands, 1780-1813.
Arboricultural Sites
• John Bartram, Terraced
Nursery/Garden with 3 long avenues of trees: a 200-300 acre Plant Field
Station adjacent to this enclosed area (1730), Kingsessing, Pennsylvania.
• William Hamilton Estate
(The Woodlands) 1779-1813, Pennsylvania.
• John Penn Estate (Solitude),
1785-1798, Pennsylvania.
• Thomas Prince Nursery,
1734, Flushing, Long Island, New York.
• Humphrey Marshall,
Botanical Garden and Arboretum at Marshallton, Pennsylvania (1774).
• André Michaux —French
Government Nursery/Field Station— New Jersery (Established 1786; Paul
Saulner in charge).
•André Michaux —French
Government Nursery/Field Station, Charleston, South Carolina (Established
1787; Louis Bosc d'Antic & Francois Michaux in charge).
• Joshua (1766-1851) and
Samuel Peirce (1766-1838), Collector's Garden of European, Asian and North
American Trees (1798)—now part of Longwood Gardens, Kennett Square,
Pennsylvania).
• George Washington and
Samuel Vaughan, "Serpentine Double-Row Tree Allée," Plan For
Mount Vernon, Virginia (1787).
• Samuel Vaughan, Plan for
a Public Garden, Pennsylvania State House, Philadelphia (1785-1787).
Botanical Research Emphases
• Taxonomy
• Plant Geography
• Medical Botany
• Horticulture
• Forestry
Arboricultural Publications
• Mark Catesby, Hortus
Europae Americanus (1767).
• Humphrey Marshall, Arbustrum
Americanum: The American Grove (Philadelphia: 1785).
• André Michaux, Historie
des Chênes de l’Amérique septentrionale (Paris: 1801).
• Mark Catsby, Natural
History of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands, 2 vols
(1730-1737).
• Philip Miller, The
Gardener’s Dictionary (London: 1735).
• John Bartram, Jr., Catalogue
of American Trees, Shrubs and Herbaceous Plants (Broadside)
(Philadelphia, 1783) Library of Congress.
• Christopher Gray, A Catalog
of American Trees and Shrubs (ca. 1737).
• William Young, Jr.
(Botantist to Queen of England), A Catalog of American Plants
(1783).
North American Plant Exploration
• John Bartram, Saint
Augustine, Florida up the St. John’s River (December 19, 1765 - February
12, 1766).
• John Bartram, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania to Oswego, New York, (July 3, 1743 - August 19, 1743).
• William Bartram, East
Florida; Georgia to South Carolina; West Florida Indian Reserve (1773-76).
• John Fraser, Newfoundland,
1780-1784; Southwestern United States, (1785-1807).
Influential European Landscape Architecture / Private Arboreal
Collections
• Chelsea Physick Garden,
London, England (1735).
• Bishop Henry Compton’s
Fulham Palace Gardens (1632-1713)—an early British site to include North
American magnolia, pines, oaks.
• William Kent (and later
Capability Brown), landscape, in 1763, the grounds of Frederick, Prince of
Wales and wife, Princess Augusta at Kew House by the Thames, west of
London; site will later be part of Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
• Major Rural British Tree
Estates: Duchess of Beaufont at Badminton; Duke of Argyll at Hounslow;
Duke of Atholl in Perkshire; Lord Weymouth at Longleat
International Interconnections
• John Fraser sells a large
collection of “Americans” (genera indigenous to United States) to Empress
Catherine of Russia in St. Petersburg (now Leningrad), 1796.
• Père Pierre d’Incarville,
under commission from Bernard de Jussieu (Royal Gardens and Jardin des
Plantes, Paris) collecting in Peking (1742-1757).
• Engelbert Kaempfer, Dutch
East India Company surgeon, journeys to Yedo; collects genera for Europe
(1690-1691).
• Captain James Cook, with
Sir Joseph Banks, names Botany Bay as a British possession in New South
Wales, (1770).
• Carl Peter Thunberg, pupil
of Linnaeus, establishes a nursery on Deshima, the Dutch East India Company
island in Nagasaki Harbor, Japan (1776).
• Philip Franz von Siebold
collects genera in Japan (1826-1830).
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2/4/02
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