The images below provide a representation of the portions of bone included in the minimum number of individual estimations.  The images were adapted from McMinn and Hutchings (1977).

Temporal Bone:

outer table	inner table

Landmarks of temporal bone fragments included:  the entire petrous portion and mastoid process, the groove for the middle temporal artery, the zygomatic process, and at least half of the squamous portion.  Everything below the black line was included in estimation.

Humerus:

proximal humerus	distal humerus

Landmarks for the proximal humerus included:  the entire head, anatomical neck, greater tubercle, and intertubular groove of the surgical neck.  All landmarks shown were included for estimation.

Landmarks for the distal humerus included:  the trochlea and capitulum, both the medial and lateral epicondyle, the olecrenon fossa and corresponding coronoid fossa, and a portion of the shaft.  The area below the black line was included in estimation.

Radius:

proximal radius	distal radius

Landmarks for the proximal radius included:  the head, neck, tuberosity and a portion of the anterior oblique line.    Landmarks for the distal radius included:  the styloid process, ulnar notch, and a portion of the shaft.  Everything above the black line in the proximal view and below the black line in the distal image was included in estimation.

Ulna:

proximal ulna	distal ulna

Landmarks for the proximal ulna included:  the olecrenon process, trochlear notch, coronoid process, tuberosity, radial notch, and supinator crest.   Landmarks for the distal ulna included:  the styloid process, head, groove for the extensor carpi ulnaris, and a portion of the shaft.  Everything above the black line in the proximal view and below the black line in the distal image was included in estimation.

Femur:

proximal femur	distal femur

Landmarks for the proximal femur included:  the greater and lesser trochanters, the femoral head with fovea capitus, and the gluteal tuberosity to the intertrochanteric line/crest.  Landmarks for the distal femur included:  the medial and lateral condyles, the patellar articular surface, and the shaft to the superior margin of the knee joint.  Everything above the black line in the proximal view and below the black line in the distal image was included in estimation.

Calcaneus and Talus:

		Both the calcaneus and the talus are robust bones, therefore only intact specimens were utilized for the collection size estimate.
calcaneus	talus

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Age Reconstruction   Sex Reconstruction   Stature Reconstruction

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