| The
Eighth Link: Einstein's
Legacy
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Larry Page
Co-founder & President
of Google, the search engine which in the few years
turned into one of the most connected nodes of the WWW.
(from http://www.google.com/corporate/execs.html)
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Violators of the 'first
mover's advantage principles': Innovative products that
were taken over my second movers:
(from http://www.nebu.nl/Pages/volcapinewton.html)
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De Havilland
Comet
The World's First Jet
Airliner, which dissapeared after the arrival of the
Boeing jets.
(from http://www.aviationposters.com/bk11.htm)
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Ginestra Bianconi,
who solved the fitness model, which takes into account
that nodes with different fitness compete for links
in real networks. See the paper
describing the model.
(from http://www.nd.edu/~gbiancon)
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Satyendranath N. Bose,
the Indian physicist, who solved one of the misteries
of quantum mechanics, showing that in the quantum world
some particles are indistinguishable. Albert
Einstein appears on the cover
of Time magazine, Dec. 31, 1999, when chosen as the
"Person of the Century". (from
http://www.time.com/time/time100/poc/home.html
and http://www.th.physik.uni-frankfurt.de/~jr/gif/phys/bose.jpg)
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Eric Cornell, Wolfgang
Ketterle and Carl Weiman receiving their Nobel Prize
in 2001 for their experimental discovery of Bose-Einstein
condensation in quantum gases.
(from http://www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/2001/index.html)
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A schematic illustration of the mapping between the scale-free model with
fitness and a Bose gas. (a) In the network each node is characterized by a
randomly selected fitness, etai, shown by the different colours. The
fitness describes the node's ability to compete for links with other nodes the
fittest are more likely to acquire more links as the network grows. We assign
the energy epsiloni to each node with fitness etai using
etai = exp(ß epsiloni) to obtain a Bose gas with random
energy levels. In the mapping, the fittest nodes (high etai) result
in the lowest energy levels (small epsiloni). A link from node
i to node j in the network corresponds to a particle in level
epsilonj in the Bose gas. The network evolves over time by adding a
new node (eta6) that connects to two other nodes (dashed lines). In
the Bose gas this corresponds to the addition of a new unoccupied energy level
(epsilon6, dashed), and the deposition of two new particles in
epsilon1 and epsilon5, the energy levels to which
eta6 connects. As the network grows, the number of energy levels and
particles increase linearly in time. The calculations show that, depending on
the shape of the distribution from which the energy levels (fitnesses) are
selected, two distinct phases can develop. (b) In the "fit-get-rich" phase there
is no clear winner. The particle density decreases as the energy level
increases. (c) In contrast, when BoseEinstein condensation takes place, the
fittest node attracts a significant fraction of all links. This node appears as
a highly populated, lowest energy level while higher energies remain only
sparsely populated.
(from http://www.physicsweb.org/box/world/14/7/9/pw1407093)
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The Physical
Review Letters paper demonstrating the possibility
of Bose-Einstein condensation in complex networks.
(from http://www.nd.edu/~networks)
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Paul Allen & Bill Gates, whose
Microsoft Operating System is a candidate for a Bose-Einsteing
condensate.
(fromhttp://histoire.info.online.fr/images/allen-gates.jpeg)
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