Thermal Control*
Professor Mihir Sen
Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering
University of Notre Dame
Notre Dame, IN 46556
University of Notre Dame chilled water and steam distribution system.
*Sponsored by D.K. Dorini (BRDG-TNDR), Organization of American States, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Kuwait University.
Overview
Heat transfer surfaces are susceptible to fouling and change in thermal characteristics. Artificial neural networks are a good way to learn, to adapt to changing circumstances, and to be able to control thermal systems. Techniques have been developed to obtain a network that is dynamically stable and that enables efficient temperature control (see figure below from Diaz, 2002). The control of a mathematical model of a heat exchanger is also reported. Networks deal with heat exchangers, piping, pumps and flow valves configured in the form of a network.
Experimental facilities
The experiments have been carried out in the Hydronics Laboratory in the Fitzpatrick Hall of Enginering. The laboratory facilities include the following.

Heat exchanger test facility: The photograph shows a wind tunnel in the rear, and in the foreground a water heater and a PC. A heat exchanger can be placed in the tunnel and measurements made of flow rates and temperatures. The PC is used to acquire and process data, as well as to provide control signals for manipulation.

Thermal control test loop: The photograph shows
a cooling circuit with a primary loop that is cooled with chilled water from
the building and three parallel secondary loops that use this water to cool
heated water from electric heaters. A PC-based controller can be seen on the far right. Different control strategies can be used
for each secondary loop and their performance compared.
Research
Research in thermal control is classified as below. Though a brief description is given of each, the details are left to the publications.
- Reviews: The following book chapters review the basics of artificial neural networks, genetic algorithms and fuzzy logic to problems of thermal engineering, heat exchangers and controls.
- Applications of artificial neural networks and genetic algorithms in thermal engineering, M. Sen and K.T. Yang, Section 4.24, pp. 620-661, in The CRC Handbook of Thermal Engineering, (editor) F. Kreith, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2000.
- Soft Computing in Control, M. Sen and J.W. Goodwine, Chapter 14, pp. 1-37, in The MEMS Handbook, (editor) M. Gad-el-Hak, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2001.
- Use of Artificial Neural Networks in Heat Exchanger Performance Prediction and Control, K. T. Yang and M. Sen, Compact Heat Exchangers - A Festschrift on the 60th Birthday of Ramesh K. Shah, (Eds.) G.P. Celata, B. Thonon, A. Bontemps, S. Kandlikar, pp. 445-450, Edizioni ETS, 2002.
- Control of heat exchangers:

Journal publications
- Dynamic Prediction and Control of Heat Exchangers Using Artificial Neural Networks, G. Diaz, M. Sen, K.T. Yang and R.L. McClain, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 45, No. 9, pp. 1671-1679, 2001.
- Adaptive Neurocontrol of Heat Exchangers, G. Diaz, M. Sen, K.T. Yang and R.L. McClain, ASME Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol. 123, No. 3, pp. 417-612, 2001.
- Numerical Simulation of the Thermal Control of Heat Exchangers,
S. Alotaibi, M. Sen, J.W. Goodwine and K.T. Yang, Numerical Heat Transfer, P
art A, Vol. 41, pp. 229-244, 2002.
- Controllability of cross-flow heat exchangers, S. Alotaibi, M. Sen, W.J. Goodwine and K.T. Yang, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 47, pp. 913--924, 2004.
- Control of thermal-hydraulic networks:
Journal publications
- Agent Networks for Intelligent Dynamic Control of Complex Hydronic HVAC Building Systems-Part 1: Framework for Agent Network Development, International Journal on Architectural Science, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 43-50, 2002.
- Comparison of Thermal-Hydraulic Network Control Strategies, W. Franco, M. Sen, K.T. Yang and R.L. McClain, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering, Vol. 217, pp. 35-47, 2003.
Theses and dissertations
- Master's theses
- Dynamic Modeling and Thermal Control of Multi-Room Cooling, Z. Xiao, 1999.
- PhD dissertations
- Simulation and Control of Heat Exchangers using Artificial Neural Networks, G. Diaz, 2000.
Teaching