Working Papers #51 - 60Click Working Paper title to download (requires Adobe Acrobat Reader). Please note, not all papers are available for download at this time. The Decision to Adopt or Reject New Technologies: A Case Study of Agricultural Development Projects in ZaireMutombo Mpanya Working Paper #51 - October 1985 Mutombo Mpanya is a native of Zaire. He received his Ph.D. in Planning from the School of Natural Resources at the University of Michigan. During the last twelve years he has been working with a number of international organizations, conducting research and evaluation studies of businesses, development projects and community-level programs in various African countries. He has taught in several North American universities, including the Universities of Michigan and Notre Dame and Stanford University. Currently Dr. Mpanya is a Fellow of the Kellogg Institute. Abstract This paper seeks to examine the process by which African farmers arrive at their decisions to adopt or reject new agricultural techniques. In recent years, there has been a tendency among foreign project organizers to attribute the local farmers' decisions to socio-cultural factors. The farmers, on the other hand, explain their decisions in terms of perceived economic benefits. The author conducted a comparative analysis of the reception of proposed agricultural innovations from four development projects in the Kwango Kasai plateau of Zaire. The purpose of this study was to isolate variables affecting the local farmers' decisions and to determine their relative importance. The findings show that there is considerable interaction between socio-cultural and strictly economic concerns. On balance, however, economic considerations emerge as the most important factor. Resumen Este ensayo busca examinar el proceso por el cual los campesinos africanos llegan a sus decisiones de adoptar o rechazar técnicas agrícolas nuevas. En años recientes, ha habido una tendencia entre los organizadores de proyectos extranjeros a atribuir las decisiones de los campesinos de la localidad a factores socio-culturales. Los campesinos, por otra parte, explican sus decisiones en términos de los beneficios económicos percibidos. El autor condujo un análisis comparativo de la recepción de las innovaciones agrícolas propuestas desde cuatro proyectos de desarrollo en la maseta Kwango Kasai de Zaire. El propósito fue aislar los variables que afectan las decisiones de los campesinos locales y para determinar su importancia relativa. El estudio muestra que hay considerable interacción entre preocupaciones socio-culturales y preocupaciones estrictamente económicas. En balance, sin embargo, consideraciones económicas emergen como los factores más importantes. (28 pages)
Grass Roots Popular Movements And The Struggle For Democracy: Nova Iguaçu, 1974-1985Scott Mainwaring Working Paper #52 - December 1985 Scott Mainwaring is Assistant Professor of Government and Member of the Kellogg Institute at Notre Dame. His first book, The Catholic Church and Politics in Brazil, 1916-1985, will be published by Stanford University Press in early 1986. He has written a number of articles on Argentina and Brazil. This paper was published in Alfred Stepan, ed., Democratizing Brazil: Problems of Transition and Consolidation (Oxford University Press, 1989). The author wishes to thank Elizabeth Allen, Ruth Cardoso, Peter Flynn, Margaret Keck, Paulo Krischke, Alfred Stepan, and various colleagues at CEDEC for their helpful suggestions. Abstract Most analyses of the transition to democracy in Brazil have focused on the role of elites. This paper addresses what might be called the underside of the transition. Focusing on the case of Nova Iguaçu, this paper analyzes the role of grass roots popular movements in the struggle for democracy in Brazil, 1974-1985. The author addresses at length the extent to which grass roots movements contributed to the democratization process, and the dilemmas they faced as a result of this process. He also discusses the issue of change and continuity in the popular process, especially relative to the pre-'64 period. The paper concludes with an analysis of the likely prospects of grass roots movements in the near future. Resumen La mayoría de los análisis acerca de la transición a la democracia en Brasil se centran en el papel de las elites. Este trabajo trata sobre el papel de los movimientos urbanos populares en la transición. Concentrándose en el caso de Nova Iguaçu, este ensayo señala la importancia y los límites de los movimientos populares de base en la lucha por la democracia en Brasil, 1974-1985. El autor analiza el aporte de estos movimientos al proceso de democratización como también los dilemas que ellos enfrentaron en el curso de la apertura. Luego discute el problema de cambio y continuidad en el proceso popular, especialmente en relación al período previo a 1964. El ensayo concluye con un análisis de las perspectivas probables de los movimientos de base en un futuro cercano, bajo el nuevo régimen democrático. (44 pages)
The State and Planning in NicaraguaDavid F. Ruccio Working Paper #53 - December 1985 David F. Ruccio is currently Assistant Professor of Economics, Director of the Latin American Area Studies Program, and Faculty Fellow of the Kellogg Institute at the University of Notre Dame. He has published articles on socialist planning and theories of development and recently co-edited (with Kwan Kim) Debt and Development in Latin America. His current research includes the theory and comparative empirical analysis of the state and planning in peripheral transitional economies and alternative approaches to external debt. A revised version of this paper appeared in The Political Economy of Revolutionary Nicaragua, edited by Rose J. Spalding (Boston: Allen and Unwin, 1986). Abstract The state and planning are key elements in most theories of and concrete attempts at transition. Nicaragua is no exception. This paper begins by investigating some of the major changes in the role of the state in Nicaraguan political economy under the Sandinistas. The second section focuses on the early attempts at state planning in Nicaragua. The third section presents some of the contradictory effects of the Nicaraguan state conceived to be the "center of accumulation." A short concluding section analyzes the most recent planning efforts and presents the specific implications of this analysis of the state and planning for the Nicaraguan transition. Resumen El estado y la planificación son elementos claves en muchas teorías y otros tantos intentos concretos de transición. Nicaragua no es ninguna excepción. En este ensayo se empieza por investigar algunos cambios en el papel del estado en la economía política nicaragüense bajo los Sandinistas. La segunda sección enfoca los primeros intentos de planificación estatal en Nicaragua. En la tercera sección estudiamos algunos de los efectos contradictorios del estado nicaragüense concebido como el "centro de acumulación". Analizamos, en una breve conclusión, los esfuerzos de planificación más recientes y presentamos las consecuencias específicas de nuestro análisis del estado y la planificación para la transición en Nicaragua. (20 pages)
The Crisis in BoliviaJames Dunkerley and Rolando Morales Working Paper #54 - December 1985 James Dunkerley was a Faculty Fellow at the Kellogg Institute in 1985. He worked previously at the Universities of London and Liverpool. His publications include The Long War. Dictatorship and Revolution in El Salvador (London, 2nd edition 1985) and Rebellion in the Veins. Political Struggle in Bolivia, 1952-82 (London, 1984). Rolando Morales Anaya was Vice-Minister of Finance for a short period in the UDP government. He teaches economics at the Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, and is President of the Bolivian College of Economists. His publications include Desarrollo y Pobreza en Bolivia (La Paz, 1984) and La Crisis Económica en Bolivia y su Impacto en las Condiciones de Vida de los Niños (La Paz, 1985). Abstract This paper surveys political developments in Bolivia since the return to civilian government in October 1982 within a wider framework established by the National Revolution of 1952. Critical attention is paid to the dilemmas and eventual collapse of the UDP government in both political and economic spheres. Some summary remarks about the nature of political democracy in Bolivia are drawn against the background of the elections of July 1985 and the subsequent adoption of a policy of severe orthodox adjustment by the new regime of Victor Paz Estenssoro. Resumen Este estudio presenta un análisis del desarrollo político de Bolivia a partir del establecimiento de un gobierno civil en octubre de 1982. Nuestro enfoque más amplio hace referencia a las características de la Revolución Nacional de 1952. Se elabora un análisis crítico de los dilemas y el eventual colapso del gobierno de la UDP tanto dentro del terreno político como en lo económico. El ensayo concluye con algunas breves observaciones en cuanto a la naturaleza de la democracia política en Bolivia a la luz de las elecciones de julio de 1985 y la adopción por el nuevo régimen de Victor Paz Estenssoro de una política de estabilización ortodoxa. (55 pages)
Los Limites a la Irrupcion de Alan GarciaLuis Pásara Working Paper # 55 - December 1985 Luis Pásara is Director of the Centro de Estudios de Derecho y Sociedad (CEDYS) in Lima and a current Kellogg Institute Fellow. He holds a Doctorate in Law from the Catholic University of Peru and did post-graduate studies at the University of Wisconsin. His books are concerned with the socio-economic aspects of legal relations and the latest one covers the relationship between the judiciary and power structure in Peru (Jueces, justicia y poder en el Perú, 1982). He has published several articles on legal and social issues and is a political columnist for Caretas, the leading weekly magazine in Lima. This paper was originally presented at the Conference "Message from García: A New look at Peru", held at the School of International Relations, University of Southern California, November 2, 1985. Abstract This work tries to evaluate the main difficulties faced by Alan García's Aprista government, four months after his inauguration in Peru. For that purpose, it examines the contradictory constituencies of Apra, the political effects of the economic difficulties, the growing resistance from the military and the competitive strategies developed by both the legal left and the Shining Path terrorist guerrillas. Finally it argues that the new goverment's personalized style does not augur well for the consolidation of a democratic institutional framework in Peru. Resumen Este trabajo intenta una evaluación de las principales dificultades que enfrenta el gobierno aprista de Alan García, a los tres meses de haberse hecho cargo del poder ejecutivo en el Perú. Con ese objetivo, pasa revista a las contradictorias bases sociales dentro del Apra, los efectos políticos de las dificultades económicas, las emergentes resistencias de los cuadros militares y las estrategias competitivas que surgen tanto de la izquierda legal como de la guerrilla terrorista Sendero Luminoso. Finalmente, se sostiene que el estilo personalista del nuevo gobierno no parece dirigirse a fortalecer la institucionalidad democrática en el país. (13 pages)
Chile: In Search of Lost DemocracyManuel Antonio Garretón Working Paper #56 - January 1986 Manuel Antonio Garretón is a sociologist, Professor and Researcher at the Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (FLACSO), Santiago, Chile. He has been a Visiting Fellow at Oxford University and the Wilson Center, Washington DC, and a Visiting Professor at the University of Chicago. In 1983-84 he was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship. He was a member of the Latin American Joint Committee of the SSRC and is currently a member of the Council of the Asociación Latinoamericana de Sociología. Among his books are El proceso político chileno (FLACSO, Santiago, 1983); La Unidad Popular y el conflicto político en Chile (Ed. Minga 1983, co-authored with Tomas Moulian), and Dictaduras y democratización (FLACSO, Santiago, 1984). He is a contributor to the volume Transitions from Authoritarian Rule edited by O'Donnell, Schmitter and Whitehead. From September to November 1985 he was a Fellow at the Kellogg Institute. This paper was published in Jonathan Harlyn & Samuel A. Morley, eds., Latin American Political Economy: Financial Crisis and Political Change (Westview Press, 1986) and is published here with the editors' permission. Abstract The question of the restoration or construction of democracy in Chile is approached in this paper from a triple perspective. The author analyzes the conditions that made Chilean democracy possible in this century; he discusses the qualities of that democracy, focusing particularly on the relationship between the state and civil society. He then examines the causes of the fall of democracy in Chile. The next section of the paper discusses sociopolitical transformations generated under the military regime and outlines a possible scenario for a transition. The conclusion sums up the principle arguments and indicates the perspectives for a future democracy. Resumen La problemática de la recuperación o construcción democrática en Chile se aborda en este trabajo desde una triple perspectiva. Por un lado, se analiza qué condiciones hicieron posible la democracia chilena en este siglo y qué rasgos la tipificaron, haciendo referencia epecialmente al tipo de articulación que se estableció entre Estado y sociedad civil. Por otro lado, se exponen las causas de su derrumbe. Finalmente, se consideran las transformaciones sociopolíticas suscitadas bajo el régimen militar y el posible escenario de una transición. Las tres primeras partes se consagran a cada uno de estos aspectos respectivamente y la última, a modo de conclusión, resume las principales argumentaciones e indica las perspectivas de una democracia futura. (33 pages)
Transicion Hacia la Democracia en Chile e Influencia Externa: Dilemas y PerspectivasManuel Antonio Garretón Working Paper #57 - January 1986 Manuel Antonio Garretón is a sociologist, Professor and Researcher at the Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (FLACSO), Santiago, Chile. He has been a Visiting Fellow at Oxford University and the Wilson Center, Washington DC, and a Visiting Professor at the University of Chicago. In 1983-84 he was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship. He was a member of the Latin American Joint Committee of the SSRC and is currently a member of the Council of the Asociación Latinoamericana de Sociología. Among his books are El proceso político chileno (FLACSO, Santiago, 1983); La Unidad Popular y el conflicto político en Chile (Ed. Minga 1983, co-authored with Tomas Moulian), and Dictaduras y democratización (FLACSO, Santiago, 1984). He is a contributor to the volume, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, edited by O'Donnell, Schmitter and Whitehead. From September to November 1985 he was a Fellow at the Kellogg Institute, University of Notre Dame. This is a revised version of a paper prepared for the Inter-American Dialogue while the author was staying at the Kellogg Institute. Abstract This paper discusses the role of external influence in processes of democratization, concentrating on the case of Chile. The analysis starts off with the internal situation and dynamics, in order to point out possible scenarios of transition and the participating actors. Then the author discusses the limits and dilemmas of external influences on internal processes. The paper indicates the potential areas of external influence, distinguishing between the area of human rights and the processes of transition as such. This work emphasizes the principle that foreign influence is only legitimate if it respects certain parameters and fosters consensual internal processes. Resumen Este trabajo discute el papel de la influencia externa en procesos de democratización, concentrándose en el caso chileno. El esquema de análisis parte de la situación y dinámicas internas con el fin de resaltar los escenarios posibles de transición y los actores en juego, luego se indican los límites y dilemas que enfrenta la influencia externa en procesos internos y se señalan los campos de aplicación de esa influencia, distinguiendo entre el plano de los derechos humanos y los procesos de transición propiamente tal. El trabajo enfatiza el principio que la influencia externa sólo es legítima si respeta ciertos parámetros y favorece dinámicas internas consensuales. (33 pages)
On the Fruitful Convergences of Hirschman's Exit, Voice, and Loyalty, and Shifting Involvements. Reflections from the Recent Argentine Experience.Guillermo O'Donnell Working Paper #58 - February 1986 Guillermo O'Donnell, the Academic Director of the Kellogg Institute, holds the Helen Kellogg Chair in International Studies and is a professor in the Departments of Government and Sociology. Among his recent scholarly works are Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Latin America and Southern Europe, coedited with Philippe Schmitter and Laurence Whitehead (Johns Hopkins University Press, forthcoming); and The Bureaucratic Authoritarian State (University of California Press, forthcoming). Together with José Nun (of CLADE and the University of Toronto), he is currently organizing a multi-year research project on "Dilemmas and Opportunities in the Consolidation of Democracy." This paper was published in Development, Democracy and the Art of Trespassing: Essays in Honor of Albert O. Hirschman, Alejandro Foxley, Michael McPherson and Guillermo O'Donnell, eds. (University of Notre Dame Press, 1986). Abstract Based on concepts formulated by Albert O. Hirschman in Exit, Voice, and Loyalty and in Shifting Involvements, this text proposes the notion of "horizontal voice" as a useful complement to Hirschman's explanations of kinds of action, the formation of collective identities, and cycles of politization and depolitization. "Horizontal voice" is shown as a necessary condition for the exercise of diverse models of voice originally proposed by Hirschman. The arguments presented in this paper are based on research and the daily life experiences of the author during the most repressive years of the last military regime in Argentina. Resumen Basado en conceptos formulados por Albert O. Hirschman, especialmente en Exit, Voice, and Loyalty y en Shifting Involvements, el presente texto propone la idea de "voz horizontal" como un útil complemento de aquéllos, sobre todo en lo que respecta a modalidades de acción y de formación de identidades colectivas, y a ciclos de politización y despolitización. La "voz horizontal" aparece en este sentido como condición necesaria para el ejercicio de diversas modalidades de voz originariamente propuestas por Hirschman. El argumento del presente texto es ilustrado mediante los resultados de una investigación y las propias condiciones de vida cotidiana del autor durante los años mas represivos del último régimen militar en la Argentina. (25 pages)
Environment Under Pressure: The Impact of PVO Projects on a Zairian VillageMutombo Mpanya Working Paper #59 - January 1986 Mutombo Mpanya is a native of Zaire. He received his Ph.D. in Planning from the School of Natural Resources at the University of Michigan. During the last twelve years he has been working with a number of international organizations, conducting research and evaluation studies of businesses, development projects and community-level programs in various African countries. He has taught in several North American universities, including the Universities of Michigan and Notre Dame and Stanford University. Currently Dr. Mpanya is a Fellow of the Kellogg Institute. Abstract During this time of acute food crisis in Africa, there is a growing recognition of ecological conservation as a vital issue. According to one view, traditional African land management techniques are the major cause of environmental deterioration while foreign development efforts, particularly those sponsored by Christian churches, are totally beneficial. This paper presents a detailed study of the case of the Bakwa Mulumba village and the Kalonda Mission Station in the Tshikapa area of central Zaire. The findings are, on the whole, in contradiction with the above view and suggest a rather different general evaluation of the relative environmental effects of traditional local techniques and church sponsored innovations. Resumen Durante este tiempo de aguda crisis de alimentos en Africa, hay un creciente reconocimiento de la conservación ecológica como un asunto vital. De acuerdo a un punto de vista, la administración tradicional de técnicas en las tierras africanas son la mayor causa de la deterioración ambiental mientras que esfuerzos de desarrollo extranjeros, particularmente aquellos patrocinados por las iglesias cristianas, son totalmente beneficiosos. Este trabajo presenta un detallado estudio del caso de la villa Bakwa Mulumba y la Estación Misionera Kalonda en la área de Tshikapa de Zaire central. Las conclusiones, en general, contradicen el punto de vista señalado anteriormente. Se sugiere una evaluación global distinta de los efectos ambientales de las técnicas tradicionales locales y de las innovaciones patrocinadas por la iglesia. (20 pages)
La Visible Eva Peron y el Invisible Rol: Politico Femenino en el Peronismo: 1946-1952Julia Silva Guivant Working Paper #60-January 1986 Julia Guivant is Assistant Professor of the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil. An Argentine native, she was a Guest Scholar at the Kellogg Institute during the 1983-1984 academic year. She wishes to thank Eduardo Viola, Anne Pérotin-Dumon and Scott Mainwaring for suggestions and comments. Abstract This article analyzes the ideology about women's political roles that motivated the political mobilization of women from the lower classes in the first Peronist government. The study draws on the ideas, beliefs, images, and metaphors which Eva Perón expressed in her speeches and publications directed toward women. It was Eva Perón who assumed the leadership of the women's movement, following the global directives of Perón. The work links these ideas with the dynamic and evolution of the regime. In the first part the period from 1946-1947 is analyzed, with particular attention devoted to women's suffrage. The purpose is to consider the Peronist initiative in relation to past suffragist battles; the significance it had as a first step in the formation of a feminine political identity. The second part analyzes the period from 1949-1952, with a focus on the organization of the Partido Peronista Femenino. The author discusses both aspects of women's political involvement: as sympathizers-politicizing the private sphere; and as militants-privatizing the public sphere. The paper emphasizes the importance of Eva Perón as the ideal of the projection of feminine values in politics; the implications of women's issues in the regime's attempts to gain stability; and, finally, the limits of the role established by the tension between participation and control. Resumen Este artículo analiza la ideología sobre el rol político femenino que orientó la mobilización de las mujeres de las clases subalternas en el primer gobierno peronista. Para esto toma como materia prima las ideas, creencias, imágenes, y metáforas que Eva Perón expresaba en sus discursos y publicaciones dirigidos a las mujeres. Fue ella quien asumió especialmente su liderazgo, siguiendo las directrices globales de Perón. El trabajo vincula estas ideas con la dinámica y evolución del régimen. En la primera parte, se analiza el período 1946-1947, con eje en el sufragio femenino. El propósito es considerar la iniciativa peronista en relación a las luchas sufragistas pasadas, el significado que tuvo en tanto primer paso en la formación de una identidad política femenina. En la segunda parte, se analiza el período 1949-1952, con eje en la organización del Partido Peronista Femenino. Se considera los dos aspectos del rol político femenino: en tanto simpatizantes, politizando la esfera privada, como militantes, privatizando la esfera pública. Se destaca la importancia de Eva Perón como ideal de la proyección de los valores femeninos a la política, las implicaciones del rol femenino en la lógica de establización del régimen, y finalmente los límites del rol establecidos por la tensión entre participación y control. (66 pages)
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