THE APOCALYPSE OF JOHN IN THE WESTERN TRADITION

This seminar will cater to the needs and desires of the students. They may choose to write their papers on the Apocalypse as New Testament exegetes or they may elect to study one of early patristic writers who use the Apocalypse or one of the Latin commentators up to the thirteenth century. However, if a student does prefer to focus on New Testament interpretation, s/he must fulfill the assigned readings on the history of the interpretation of the text and join in the discussion and translation in the classroom. The professor has radically changed her views on the exegesis of Revelation since her Anchor Bible Commentary some twenty-five years ago. She will be using material upon which she pursued research recently with the support of an NEH award for translation and annotation of the Latin Commentaries on the Apocalypse. These will include: Victorinus, Jerome, Tyconius, Primasius, Ambrosius Autpertus, Berengaudus (Ps Ambrose), Alcuin, Bruno, Joachim of Fiore, Rupert of Deutz, Nicholas of Lyra, Bede, Apringius, Beatus of Liébana, Alexander minorita and Adso.This seminar will also examine some of the women mystics who gave consideration to the Apocalypse, e.g. Hildegard and Hroswita. The seminar will also look into visual art on the Apocalypse and see the artist as exegete. Important works, such as, three of the five volumes of John Williams' monumental work on the Illustrated Beatus are now available.The syllabus will be placed on the Web. The professor will be willing to meet the needs of those who have not yet passed their German language examination.


New Testament and P/Matristic Seminar
The Apocalypse of John in the Western Tradition
Provisional Syllabus

TEXTS TO BE CONSULTED

1) ORIGEN (FL. 217-35) Der scholien-kommentar des origenes zur apocalypse Johannes, Leipzig, 1911.

2) Hippolytus (d. 235) "Les fragments du De Apocalypsi d' Hippolyte," ed. P. Prigent and R. Stehly, in TZ 29 (1973), 313-333.


3) Victorinus of Pettau (d. 304) In Apocalypsin, ed. J. Haussleiter, in Victorini Epscopi Petavionses Opera, CSEL 49, Vienna, 1916 (with Jerome's commentary in parallel column).

4) Tyconius (c 380), Book of Rules, ed. W.S. Babcock. Atlanta, Georgia: Scholars Press, 1989.
Turin Fragments of Tyconius' Commentay on Revelation, ed. Francesco LoBue, Cambridge, 1963.

5) Primasius (d. 560), Commentarium libri quinque in Apocalypsim Joannis Evangelistae, CSEL, 92. 6) Apringius, (c. 550), Apringii Pacensis episcopi Tractus in Apocalysin, typis Augustinianis Monasterii Escurialensis, Madrid, 1940.

7) Bede, the Venerable (d. 673-735) Bedae Commentarius in Apocalypsin, in Opera, ed. David Hurst, Turnholti: Typographi Brepols, vol 1, 1975. Translation J Massyngbaerde Ford, Cistercian Press, forthcoming.

8) Beatus of Liébana (730-98), Beati Apocalypsin libri duodecim, ed. E. Romero Pose, Rome: Typis Officinae Polygraphicae, vol 1 & II, 1985.

9) Ambrosius Autpertus (d. 784), In Apocalypsin in Opera , Parts I and II, CC 27-27A, ed. R. Weber, Turnhold, 1975.

10) Alcuin of York (Ps Alcuin) (735-804) Commentarium in Apocalypsin, ML, 1000, col. 1085-1156 and De Septem Sigillis, ML, 101, col 1169-1170.

11) Haimo (Haymo) of Auxerre, Bishop of Halberstadt (850-70), Expositio in Apocalypsim, PL 117, col 937-1220.

12) Adso (d. 992), De Ortu et tempore antichristi: necnon et tractus qui ab eo dependunt. Turnhold: Typograpahici Brepols, 1976.

13) Bruno of Segni (1049-1123), Expositio in Apocalypsim, PL 165, col 605-736.

14) Rupert of Deutz (d. 11312) Commentarium in Apocalypsim , PL 169, col 825-1214.

15) Richard of St Victor (d. 1173), In Apocalypsim Johannis, libri septem PL 196, col 683-888.

16) Joachim of Fiore (1132-1202), Enchiridion super Apocalypsim, ed. Edward K. Burger, Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Stuides, Toronto, Canada, 1986.

17) Berengaudus (PsAmbrose),Expositio ML 17, cc.763-970

17) Selections from women's writing on the Apocalyse.

18 Alexander Minorita, Expositio in Apocalypsim, ed. Alois Wachtel (Weimar: Hermann Böhlaus, 1955).

18) Nicholas of Lyra (1270-1340), Postillae perpetuae in universam S. Scripturam found in the Glossa Ordinari

SUGGESTED TOPICS

  1. Hermeneutics and Exegesis with special attention to the Prologues of the above works.
  2. Millenarianism with special attention to the early church, Jerome and Augustine.
  3. The Turning of the Tide: the influence of Tyconius.
  4. The Lamb.
  5. The Four Equestrians.


The Woman Clothed with the Sun

  1. The Antichrist
  2. The Prostitute

The Rider on the White Horse

  1. The New Jerusalem.


PROVISIONAL SYLLABUS AND SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY.

  1. Orientation
    1. Explanation of instrumenta studiorum for the
      1. New Testament;
      2. p/matristic sources.
    2. Discussion of reading assignments. Each student must bring to each class a critical summary of the reading assignment given to him/her. A copy should be provided for the professor and each of the participating students. Students may seek help from the professor for articles in foreign languages.
    3. Approximately one half of the each seminar will be devoted to the New Testament exegesis and the second half to p/matristic sources.
    4. Preliminary discussion of elected topics for class presentations.
    5. Initial guidelines to artistic representations of the Apocalypse, e.g. the Douce Apocalypse and the illuminated facsimiles of the Beatus cycle. Students will be encouraged to see the artist as an exegete.
    6. Discussion over feasability of reading the entire Apocalypse in English translation at one session.
  2. Hermeneutics, exegesis and the apocalypse
    1. Passages for translation
      1. Apoc 4 (Greek and/or the Vulgate);
      2. Apoc 21:22-27 (Greek and/or Vulgate);
      3. Selections from the Prologue of Ambrosius Autpertus.
    2. Reading assignment - methodology in approaching the Apocalypse (to be divided among the students).
      1. Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza, The Book of Revelation: Justice and Judgment. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985 , pp1-32-32
      2. . A.A.Bell, "The Date of John's Apocalypse." NTS 25 (1978) 93-102.
      3. Ann Matter, "The Apocalypse in Early Medieval Exegesis," in The Apocalypse in the Middle Ages., Itaca: Cornell University Press, 1992, Emmerson and McGinn, 38-50 (n.b. the chart on p 42). To be read by all students.
      4. David Aune, Revelation: Word Biblical Commentary, 52a .Dallas Texas: Word Books, 1997 (to summarized by professor).
    3. Additional bibliography

      1. Bernard McGinn,The Calabrian Abbot, New York: Macmillon, 1985, pp 74-97.
      2. J. Ramsey Michaels, Interpreting the Book of Revelation. Guides to New Testament Exegesis 7, Grand Rapids: Baker House, 1992, pp 1-71.


      3. Leonard Thompson, The Book of Revelation, Apocalypse and Empire, New York: OUP, 1990, pp
      4. D.E.Aune, "The Social Matrix of the Apocalypse of John." Biblical Research 26 (1981), 16-32.
      5. F..D.Mazzaferri, the Genre of the Book of Revelation from a Source Critical Perspective. New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1989, 1 76. Although this book is not widely discussed Mazzaferri does provide a useful summary of approaches.


THE MILLENNIUM

  1. Translation passages:
      1. Apoc 20:1-10;
      2. Justin, Dialogue, 71:3-4; 80;
  2. Discussion using Translated Selections from:

    1. Papias (selections from Eusebius, Jerome, Andreas of Caesarea, Georgius Hamartolus);
    2. Victorinus, CSEL 49, Victorini Episcopi Ptavionensis Opera, ed. Johannes Hausleiter, (with Jerome's redacted text) Commentary on Apoc 20-21;
    3. Irenaeus, Adversus Haereses, 5:30.4; 31:3,12; 32:1; 33:5
    4. Lactantius, CSEL 19 Div I nst 7:14-15, 25; Epit. Div Inst 73.
    5. Commodianus, Carmen and De Inst (selections).
  3. Reading Assignment

    1. Larry V.Crutchfield, "The Apostle John and Asia Minor as a source of premillennialism in the early Church Fathers," JENT 31 (1988, 411-417. To be read by all students

    2. Hans Bietenhard, Scottish Journal of Theology To be read by all students.
    3. J.W. Bailey, "The Temporary Messianic Reign in the LIterature of Early Judaism." JBL 53 (1934), 170-187.

    4. Robert E. Landes, "The Medieval Return to the Thousand-Year Sabbath" in Emmerson and McGinn, pp 51-71.

    5. Robert Markus, "From John of Patmos to Augustine of Hippo," Vigilae Christianae 45.2 (1991), 151-83).
    6. Paula Fredriken, "From John of Patmos to Augustine of Hippo," Vigilae Christianae 45 (2,1991) 151-83. She addresses "fundamentalism" of N. African church; cult of martyrs.

    7. Additional literature
      1. Wilhelm Bousset, Die Offenbarung Johannis, 6th. edition, GÖttingen, 1906.
      2. Johanne Maier, Die Johannesoffenbarung und die Kirche, Wissenschftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 25, J.C.R.Mohr (Paul Siebeck) Tübingen, 1981.
      3. George Kretschmar, Die Offenbarung des Johannes:: die Geschichte irher Auslegung im 1. Jahrtausend, Stuttgart, Calver, 1985.
      4. D.R. Carnegie, "The Hymns in Revelation: Their Origin and Function.", dissertation, 1978.
      5. J.G.Gager, Kingdom and Community: The Social World of Early Christianity. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1975.
      6. A. Causse, "De la Jérusalem terrestre à la Jérulam céleste." I RHPR 27 (1946) 12-36.
      7. David Barr, "The Apocalypse as the Symbolic Transformation of the World: A Literary Analysis." Interpretation 38 (1984), 39-40.
      8. Pierre Courcelle, Histoire littéraire des grandes invsionas germaniques" Paris, 1964, 319-37.
      9. Brisson, Autonomisme, 378-410 (on millinarianism);
      10. Henri Grégoire, Les persécutions dan l'empire Romain, Brussels, 1959, 114-117.
      11. S.R.F.Price, Rituals and Power, The Roman imperial cult in Asia Minor. Cambridge: CUP, 1984.
      12. François Paschoud, "La doctrine Chrétienne et l'idéeologie impérial," in L'Apocalypse de Jean: Traditions exégétiques et iconographiques: IIIe-XIIIe siècles," ed. Yves Christe (Geneva, 1979).
      13. G. Folliet, "La typologie du sabbat chez saint Augustin: son interprétation millénariste entre 388 et 4000," Revue des études augustiniennes 2 (1956), pp 371-390.
      14. Bernard McGinn, Visions of the End: Apocalyptic Traditions in the Middle Ages. New York, 1979.
      15. Bernard McGinn, Apocalyptic Spirituality. New York, 1979.

THE TURNING OF THE TIDE.
THE REACTION AGAINST MILLENARIAN THINKING.

The Donatist, Tyconius (ca.380) advocated a typological hermeneutic that avoided ahistoricism and the argument that the time and identity of the Saved could be known. He affected the Western reading of Apocalypse for the next millennium.

  1. Texts for translation (selections).
    1. 1 Corinthians 12:12-27.

    2. Tyconius: the Book of Rules, tr. and edited by William S.Babcock, Atlanta, Georgia: Scholars' Press, 1989. Selections.
    3. F. LoBue, The Turin Fragments of Tyconius' Commentary on Revelation (Cambridge, 1963). Selections.
    4. Eusebius HE 3:24-28; 7:24-25.
    5. Augustine, City Bk 20 (selections) and Confessions 11 (selections); De Doctrina Christiana .
  2. Additional texts

    1. Quodvultdeus (Augustine's pupil) in Liber de promssionibus
    2. Jerome, text in Victorinus, CSEL, 49
    3. Gennadius of Marseilles, De viris inlustribus 18, PL 58:1071


  3. N.B. For Augustine's own interpretation(s) see
      1. Epp 197-99
      2. Civ 20-22 and 18.53.2 and CC 46:249-62 (Sermon on Fall of Rome) and
      3. De excidio urbis, Ennarattiones in Psalmos 89.
      4. Serm0 113.8 on the invasion by Alaric. Bishop Hesychius argued that the signs had occurred and the End was imminent, see their correspondance (H and A) Epp 197, 198, 199.
      5. Civ 22:17 cf Lact. DivInst 7: 24. p 35 Augustine opposed this tirelessly. Used Gospels. The Lord comes through the persons who comprise the church. 1st resurrection will not be bodily. Satan bound in the heart of the impius. Chruch reigns for 1,000 yrs. Martyrs, they perform signs for us, they reign. Deeschatolgizes texts, brings meaning back to present time. Used Tyconius. Argues for individual transformation rather than corporeal body which will enjoy an earthly kingdom. Body raised, will even have functions.
      6. We are the last sabbath (Civ 22:30, 5)
      7. The resurrection is a reality De genesi ad litteram 12, 7, 18; Civ 22:21.

Assigned Reading

    1. On Body of Christ

    2. Frend, The Donatist Church (selections);

    3. Charles Kannengiesser, A Conflict of Christian Hermeneutics in Roman Africa: Tyconius vs. Augustine, Berkeley, Cal. 1989.

    4. Paula Friedriksen, Augustine and the Apocalypse (29ff). Augustine at one time millenarian but not chiliast. See p 29 note 29 for calcuations of End.
    5. Kenneth B Steinhauser,The Apocalypse Commentary of Tyconius, A HIstory of Its Reception and Influence. European University Studies, Ser. 23, New York/Paris, Peter Lang, 1986 pp 1-29.
    6. Pamela Bright, The Rules of Tyconius: Its Purpose and Inner Logic," Notre Dame, IN: Notre Dame University Press, 1988.
    7. P. Fredriksen-Landes, "Tyconius and the End of the World," Revue des études augustiniennes 28 (1982), pp 59-75.See her note 17, p. 26 in Emmerson and McGinn and the erroneous interpretation of Tyconius' ref. to 350 yrs..
    8. K. B. Steinhauser, "The Structure of Tyconius' Apocalypse Commentary: A Correction," Vigiliae Christianae 35 (1981), pp 354-357.
  1. Additional Reading

    1. E.R.Pose, "Alla ricerca di Ticonio,"Studi Storico-Religioi 2 (1979)
    2. J. Ratzinger, "Der Kirchenbegriff des Tyconius, " Reveu des études augustiniennes 2 (1956), pp 173-185.
    3. Bernhard Koetting " Endzeitprognosen zwischen Lactantius und Augustinus, " Historische Jahrbuch 77 (1958), 125-39, esp. 137f.
    4. Paula Fredriksen, "Vile Bodies: Paul and Augustine onthe Resurrection of the Flesh,"Biblical Hermeneutics in Historical Perspective, ed Mark S. Buyrrows and Paul Rorem, Grand Rapids,MI, 1991, 75-87.
    5. Landes, "Apocalyptic Expectation" p. 162.
    6. Bede, Ep ad Pleguinem 14 in Bedae Omnia Opera de temporibus ed. C.W. Jones, Cambridge, Mass. 1943, 313
    7. .George, Folliet, "La typologie du sabbat chez Saint Augustin: Son interprétation milléenaire entre 386 and 400," Revue des Études Augustiniennes 2 (1956):371-90.
    8. Paula Fredriksen, "Tyconius and Augustine on the Apocalypse," in Emmerson and McGinn, pp 20-37.
    9. Alberto Pincherle, "Sulla formazione della dottrina agostiniana della grazia,"Rivista de SToria e Letteratura Religionsa, 11.1 (1975) 1-23.
    10. S.W. Babcock, "Augustine and Tyconius: A Study in Latin Apropriation of St.Paul," Studia Patristica 18,3 (1982) 1210f.
    11. Martina Dulaey,"L'Apocalypse: Augustin and Tyconius in Saint Augustin et la BIble, A.M. LaBonnardiè, ed. (Paris, 1986) 367-86.
    12. Pincherle "Da Ticonio a Sant'Agostino" Recherche Religiose 1 (1925) 464.
    13. S.W.Babcock, " Augustine's interpretation of Romans," 67 74 and "Augustine and Tyconius." 1210f.
    14. Monceaux, Histoire littéraire, vol 5, 165-219;
    15. Prosopographie Chrétienne du Bas-Empire ed. André Mandouze, 1122-2

    16. T.Hahn, Tyconius-Studien: Ein Beitrag zur Kirchn-und Dogmengeschichte, Leipzig, 1900.
    17. T. Gomez, "El perdido Comentario de Ticonio al Apocalypsis: Principios de critica literaria y textual para su reconstruccion," Miscellanea Biblica, B. Ubach (Montserrat, 1953);
    18. T. Gomez (CHECK), "The Identification of the Tyconian Passages in Bede's Commentary" in Bonner, Saint Bede, pp 21-29.



THE PRE-MEDIAEVAL COMMENTARIES.
THE LAMB
The Ghent Altarpiece

Primary sources. Sixth century

    1. Caesarius, c. 540, Homilae in Apocalypsim (under Augustine), PL 35:2417-52. His work was widely circulated. He draws on Victorinus/Jerome and Tyconius.
    2. Primasius, c. 54 Commentarius in Apocalypsin ed.A.W. Adams, CC, 92 Primasius synthesizes Victorinus/Jerome and Tyconius/Augustine. He is original in his arrangement of the Apocalypse. The rhythm of his text was highly influential. He addresses the situation of the church on earth. He is concerned about orthodoxy and refutes Valentinus, Bardezanes, Apollinaris, Nestorius, Eutyches, Timotheus Hilarius and the Arians. He interprets the woman clothed with the sun (Apoc 12) as Mary.
    3. Apringius c. 550. Tractatus in Apocalysim, in Scriptores ecclesiastici Hispano-Latini veteris et medii aevi ed. See also M.Féretin, Apringius de Béja: Commetaire de l'Apocaypse eécrit sous Theudis, Roi Des Visigoths, 531-48, Paris, 1900 ( partly reprinted in PL supp 4:1221-48). P. Vega (Escorial, 1940) fasc. X-XI. He was Inspired by same forces as Primasius. He wrote in Iberian peninsula (now Portugal) under Visigothic, Arian, King Theudis. He influenced only his own locality. He is cited once (by Beatus). One copy of his commentary is extant. This may have originated as a set of homilies. He deals with Apoc 1:1-5:7; 18:6-19:21 and 20:1-end.
    4. Cassiodorus, c 575 Complexiones in Apocalypsin, PL 70:1405-18 . Only one manuscript is extant in N. Italy. It is dated to the sixth century. The original work may have comprised 33 sections. He takes an allegorical interpretation of the Apocalypse.
    5. Hilary of Poitiers, Tractatus super Psalmos, ed. A. Zingerle, CSEL 22:7-8.
  1. Texts for translation (selections)
      1. Apoc 1:1-10;
      2. Primasius:
        1. Prologue:
        2. The Lamb
      3. Berengaudus (PsAmbrose)
        1. On the Lamb
      4. Hroswita, Poem on the Lamb


  2. Reading Assignment.

    1. Hohejec Das Lamb

    2. R.Dean DAvis, The Heavenly Court Judgment of Revelation 4 5 New York: University Press of America, 1992.

    3. Marjorie Reeves, "The Development of Apocalytic Thought: Medieval Attitudes," in The Apocalypse in English Renaissance and LIterature: Patterns, Antecedents and Repercussions, Manchester, G.B. 1984.
    4. Marjorie Reeves, The Study of the Bible in the Middle Ages, 2nd. edition and reprint, Notre Dame, IN, 1964. Selections.
    5. Yves Christe, "Traditions littéraires et iconographiques dans l'interprétation des images apocalyptiques," in Christe, Apocalypse de Jean, pp 134ff.


    6. Haussleiter, "Die lateinische Apokalypse der alten afrikanischen Kirche," in Forschungen zu Geschichte des neutestamentlichen Kanons und der altkirchlichen Literatur, ed. Theodor Zahn, vol. 4 (Erlangen, 1891), pp 197-99.
  3. Additional Bibliography

    1. James J. O'Donnell, Cassiodorus, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1979, pp 224-25 and 226. Cassiodorus took literal interpretion, but this is debated).
    2. Germain Morin, "Le commentaire homilétique de S. Césaire sur l"Apocalyse," Revue Bénédictine 45 (1933):43-61.
    3. Mateo Del Alamo, "Los Comentarios de Beato al Apocalipsis y Elipando," Miscellanea Giovanni Mercati, vol 2. Letteratura Medioevale (Vatican City, 1946, pp 16-33.

    4. W.H.C. Frend, The Rise of Christianity, Philadelphia, 1984, 828-856.


EIGHTH CENTURY
THE FOUR EQUESTRIANS
The Illustrated Beatus

  1. Primary Sources

    1. The Venerable Bede, ca. 730, Explanatio Apocalypsis ed. David Hurst ( also PL 93). Bede became one of the chief sources for future commentaries on the Apocalypse. He produced a scholarly analysis. He directs his discussion to the history of church on earth but he does not overlook cosmic history. He espouses a division of church history that is different from Primasius, thus 3 bks. (bk 1, periochas 1-2; bk 2, periochas 3-4; bk 3 periochas 5-7). In a dedicatory letter he uses the seven rules of Tyconius to describe the seven ages of world which he sees reflected in the text of the Apocalypse. 1-3:21- although John describes seven churches they are one in unity; 4:1-8:1 addresses future conflict and victories; 8:2-11:19 future events in church; 11:20-15:4 the church symbolized by woman; 15:5-16:21 the seven plagues; 17:1-20:15 the defeat of evil epitomized in the prostitute; 21-22 the New Jerusalem. Bede sees the life of church against background of universal history. The church moves into sacred time. Later exegetes could accommodate this to the events in their contemporary churches.Translation of Bede Explanatio Apocalypsis Cistercian Press, forthcoming, J. Massyngbaerde Ford.


    2. Ambrosius Autpertus, Ambrosii Autperti Opera expositionis in Apocalypsin, Partes I-II (CC 27-27A, Turnholt, 1975). This commentary was written between 758-767 in Lombardy. It becomes one of chief sources for future commentaries. Ambrosius presents a spiritual interpretation for future generations. His work comprises 10 bks (1:19; 3:13; 5:14;9:21; 12:12a; 14:13b; 16:21; 10:10b; 21:8.). A perusal of the index of sources in Weber's edition will show the reader Ambrosius' sources which are many and varied. The main themes that he addresses are the Incarnation and the nuptial relationship between church and Christ. He begins with an extensive preface which surveys previous commentaries on the Apocalypse and also methods of exegesis. Long prologues also preface books 5 and 9. (CC 27:365-85 and CC 27A 717-22). He relies strongly on Primasius.


    3. Beatus, Sancti Beati a Liébana Commentarius in Apocalypsin, ed. by Eugenio Romero Pose, 2 vols, Rome, 1985. Beatus quotes and cites abundantly from Victorinus/Jerome, Tyconius, Primasius, once from Apringius as well as other sources e.g. Irenaeus, Augustine, Ambrose, Fulgentius, Gregory of Elvira, Gregory the Great and Isidore of Seville (see the list of sources in Pose's edition). He divides his commentary into twelve books: each has prologue of varying length. Beatus' commentary was little known outside Spain but has attracted a great deal of attention because of its twenty-six illuminated texts. See Wilhelm Neuss, Die Apokalypse des lh. Johannes in der altspanishcen und altchristlichen Bibel-Illustration, 2 vols. Münster, 1931. and John Williams, The Illustrated Beatus, 5 vols (three already published). Beatus' main emphases are on the holiness of Church, (bks. 1,2,6,12), the defence of divinity of Christ (bks 3 and 11) and a polemic against adoptionists, especially Bishop Elipandus of Toledo. During his time there were Increasing threats from Moslems but there is little indication of this in Beatus' text. It is, however, prominent in the illuminations. Beatus was influenced by the Song of Songs and its interpretations culled from Gregory's Moralia (see bk 4), the letters of Jerome (see bk1) and commentary on Luke by Ambrose. (bk 6) .
  2. Texts for Translation
      1. Bede, Explanatio selections;
      2. Ambrosius Autpertus, selections
      3. Beatus, selections.
      4. Berengaudus on the Four Equestrians
  3. Reading Assignment
    1. Ugo Vanni

    2. J.F.Kelly, "Bede and the Irish Exegetical Tradition on the Apocalypse," Revue Bénédictine 92 (1982), 393-406.
    3. John Williams, The Illustrated Beatus, 3 volumes published, London, G.B.:Harvey Miller Publishers, 1994 and 1997. Two more forthcoming;
    4. Actas del Simposio para elestudio de los códices del "Comentario al Apocalipsis" de Beato de Liébana, Madrid, 1978-80.
    5. E. Ann Matter, The Voice of the Beloved, The Song of Songs in Western Medieval Christianity, (Philadelphia, 1990).
    6. E. Ann Matter, "Exegesis and Christian Education: the Carolingian Model" in Schools of Thought in Christian Tradition: ed. Patrick Henry (Philadelphia, 1984).
    7. G.Bonner in Saint Bede in the Tradition of Western Apocalyptic Commentary, (Jarrow Lecture, 1966)
  4. Additional Reading

    1. Claudio Leonardi, "Spiritualità di Ambrogio Autperto," Studi Medievali, 3a Serie, 9 (1968) pp 1-131
    2. S. Bovo, "Le fonti del Commento di Ambrogio Autperto sull'Apocalypse," Miscellanea Biblica et Orientalia, R.P.Athanasio Miller Oblata (Studia Anselmiana 27-28; Rome, 1951), pp 372-403.
    3. Mateo Del Alamo, "Los Comentarios de Beato al Apocalypsis y Elipando, " Miscellanea Giovanni Mercati, vol 2, Letteratura Medioevale, (Vatican City, 1946, pp16-33.
    4. Grazia Lo Menzo Rapisarda, ed. Incerti Auctoris: Commntarius in Apocalypsin. Catania, 1966.
    5. J.T. Kelly, "Early Medieval Evidence for Twelve Homilies by Origen on the Apocalypse," Vigiliae Christianae 39 (1985), 273-79
    6. Gerald Bonner, Saint Bede in the Tradition of Western Apocalypse Commentary, Newcastle -on -Tyne, G.B.1966.


    7. Yves Christe, L'Apocalypse de Jean: Traditions exégétiques et inconographique; III-XIII siècles, Geneva, 1979.

THE CAROLINGIAN COMMENTARIES
THE PROSTITUTE
Reformation Art and the frescoes of Mt. Athos.

  1. Primary Texts
    1. Alcuin, Ps. -Alcuin,
      1. Commentarium in Apocalpsim (PL 100: cc. 1087-1156). Alcuin of York, was the school master to Charles the Great (Charlesmagne) (Prologue). The text is fragmentary: it comprises Apoc 1:1-12:9.It was probably written towards the end of the ninth century. He adopted Bede's division into seven periods But adds, altmost verbatim Autpertus' description of the commentaries from the fourth to seventh centuries.

      2. Ps-Alcuin, De septem sigillis, PL 101: cc 1169-1170.
    2. Anonymous question and answer text, questions answered by material from Bede's commentary (see Matter, "Exegesis and Christian Education: the Carolingian Model,: in Schools of Thought in the Christian Tradition, ed. Patrick Henry, (Philadelphia, 1984), pp.90-92.
    3. Ps-Haimo of Halberstadt, Expositio in Apocalypsim (PL 117: cc 937-1220). Haimo conflates material from Bede and Autpertus. He divides the Apocalypse into seven books like Bede and sees it as an intellectual vision like Autpertus.
  2. Texts for Translation
    1. Apoc 18;
    2. Alexander Minorita
    3. Haimo
  3. Reading Assignment

    1. Jean-Pierre Ruiz, Ezekiel in the Apocalypse: The Transformation of Prophetic Language in Revelation 16,17-19,10.New York: Peter Lang, 1989.

    2. E. Ann Matter, "The Pseudo-Alcuinian 'De septem sigillis': An Early Latin Apocalypse Exegesis," Traditio 36 (1981) pp 111-137.
    3. Edith McEwan Humphrey, The Ladies and the Cities. Transformaton and Apocalyptic Identity in Joseph and Aseneth, 4 Ezra, the Apocalypse and the Shepherd of Hermas. Journal of Psepigrapha Studies, Supplement Series, 17, Sheffield, G.B.: Sheffield Academic Press, 1995.
    4. Catherine Keller, The Apocalypse Now and Then.A Feminist Guide to the End of the World. Boston: Beacon Press, 1996.

These commentaries take non-chiliastic interpretation of our text. But they do show a keen interest in Antichrist.


THE ANTICHRIST
The Bible of the Poor and depictions of the Antichrist.

  1. Primary Texts
    1. Hippolytus, Commentary on Daniel (refers to a tractate Peri tou antichristou (the best edition is edited by M. Lefebre, Hippyte: Commentaire sur Daniel, SC (Paris: Édition du Cerf, 1947.
    2. Adso (d. 992), De Ortu et tempore antichrist: necnon et tractus qui ab eo dependunt. Turnholt: Typographici Brepols, 1976.
    3. Hildegard, Scivias Selections
    4. Ademar of Chabames (989-1034)
  2. Texts for Translation

    1. Apoc 13
    2. Adso -selections.
    3. Alexander Minorita -selections
  3. Assigned Reading
    1. Jenks
    2. Richard Kenneth Emmerson, The Antichrist in the Middle Ages .Seatle: University of Washington Press, 1981.

    3. Richard Landes, Relics, Apocalyse and the Deceits of History. Harvard University Press: Cambridge, 1995
    4. Bernard McGinn, The Antichrist,Two thousand years of the human fascination with evil. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1994.
    5. Hildegaard, Scivas selections



LATER COMMENTARIES
The Rider on the White Horse

  1. Primary Texts

    1. Ps Ambrose (Berengaudus) Expositio super septem visiones libri Apocalypsis (PL 17: cc. 843-1058).
    2. Bruno of Segni, Expositio in Apocalypsim (PL 165: cc. 605 736).
    3. Richard of St Victor, In Apocalypsim Joanis libri septem (PL 196: cc.683-888).
    4. Rupert of Deutz, Commentariorum in Apocalypsim Joannis Apostoli, PL 169: cc. 825-1214.
    5. John Van Engen, Rupert of Deutz , Berkeley, 1983.
  2. Texts for Translation
    1. Apoc 19:11-16
    2. Rupert of Deutz, selections
    3. Richard of St Victor
    4. Bruno of Segni
  3. Reading Assignment
    1. Marjorie Reeves,"The Development of Apocalyptic Thought: Medieval Attitudes," in The Apocalypse in English Renaissance Thought and Literature: Patterns, Antecedents and Repercussions (Manchester, 1984).
    2. To be completed.

JOACHIM OF FIORE


:




THE HEAVENLY JERUSALEM

    1. J.A. Drajer,"The Heavenly Feast of Tabernacles (Rev 7:1-17)," JSNT 19 (1983), 133-147.
    2. A. Geyser, "The Twelve Tribes in Revelation: Judean and Judeo-Christian Apocalypticism." NTS 28 (1982) 388-399.


The Law (OT+NT) which are mysticae mediated through 7 compositional pr inciples which obscure its meaning.. May refer to God or church; body of church bipartite. May refer to general truth when speaking of persons or event. In this way (Fredriken p. 27) T. affirmed historical signifance of apoc. passages but letting them remain obscure. So multiple referents for figures, events, numbers, epochs, events etc. may take place per orbem. Numbers symbolize certain spiritual truthes. See esp. Rule 5. Apparently correlated persecution of the Donatists with Apoc 6:9-11. Time of peace with Donatist Flavian. Dynamics of salvation interplay between grace, free will and foreknowledge, "consonant across nations, times, and individuals". Salvation history interior rather than linear ((cf Joachim)). Bible annal of interior events.








Friday, January THE LAMB IN THE APOCALYPSE

  1. Translation passages:
    1. Apoc 5 (Greek and/or Vulgate);
    2. Apoc 22:1-5.
  2. Reading Assignment
    1. R. Dean Davis, The Heavenly Court Judgment or Revelation 4 5. , Lanham, New York: University Press of America, 1992, pp 162-231 (or preferably the whole book).
    2. Selections from Hohnjec, Nikla, Das Lamm arnion in der Offenbarung des Johannes, Roma: Herder, 1980.
    3. Selections from
    4. D. E. Aune, "The Influence of Roman Imperial Court Ceremonial on the Apocalypse of John." Biblical Research 28 (1983), 5-26.
    5. G. Bornkamm, "Die Konposition der Apokalyptischen Visionen in der Offenbarung Johannes." ZNTW, 36 (1937) 87-149.
    6. C.K. Barrett, "The Lamb of God.: NTS (1, 1954-55), 210-218.
    7. Fiorenza Schüssler E. " TheFollowers of the Lamb: Visionary Rhetoric and Social Political Situation." Semeia 36 (1986), 123-146.
    8. "" "Redemption as LIberation: Apoc 1:5f and 5:9f." CBQ 36 (1974), 220-232.
    9. S. Bartina, " En su mano dercha siete asters." Estudios Eclesiásticos 26 (1952), 71-78.

"El toro Apocalípticoo lleno de 'ojos' (Ap 4,6-8 et 4,9."" Estudios Bíblicos 21 (1962), 329-336.

    1. H. Bietenhard, Die Himmlische Welt in Urchristentum und Spätjudentum. Tübingen: J.B.C. Mohr, 1951.