Wireless Systems: 
        Third Generation cellular systems (e.g., wideband-CDMA).
        Personal Communications Services (PCS).
        Broadband wireless systems (e.g., MBS, LMDS).
        Wireless local loop.
        Indoor wireless communications.
        Wireless packet data networks.
        Satellite communications.
         
        Wireline Systems: 
        Copper-based: (e.g., ADSL, VDSL, HFC).
        Fiber-based (e.g., WDM).